天津外国语大学英语MTI考研试卷的难点分析
大家在择校期最常问的问题是：“老师，这个院校适不适合我”、 “老师，以我现在的水平和接下来三个月的训练，能不能考得上这个院校”，“我就想知道哪个院校好考一点，对备考的要求低一点，复习量少一点”。我们今天以到底是哪里卡脖子为出发点，分析一下天津外国语大学英语MTI翻译基础的试卷。
天外英语MTI翻译基础模拟题
一、词条翻译
1. SCO
2. CIA
3. ASAP
4. Turpan
5. Citibank
6. runaway inflation
7. marital status
8. short-cut icon
9. flammable ice
10. provisional suspension
11. a love rat
12. two-for-one
13. shero
14. brain drain
15. data breach
16. 市场占有率
17. 法定货币
18. 司法巡查
19. 探亲假
20. 铁杆粉丝
21. 土特产
22. 网络主权
23. 物联网
24. 行政拘留
25. 意向成员
26. 航班延误
27. 国际惯例
28. 共建共治共享
29. 改组
30. 多劳多得
二、英汉翻译
For most people the word “education” means “school” and “school” conjures up an image of a building with classrooms. But what do people think of when they hear “literacy programs” ? Probably nothing.
Living in illiteracy is such an unknown — even a little mysterious — experience.
Yet today nearly a billion people are illiterate, not to mention the 113 million school-aged children who not attend school. Wonderful progress has been made during the last half of the twentieth century in the field of education. But still the number of adult illiterates. particularly women, rises. This is now the challenge of the twenty-first century the thorn in the side of efforts to achieve Education for All (EFA). It has become clear that Education for All cannot be possible without Literacy for All.
However, tremendous strides have been made in literacy. How has this been possible? Who brought it about? The people behind literacy efforts must be congratulated for working against all odds to bring about this achievement. But where are they? Who are they? What are their tasks like? And their problems, challenges and rewards? What inspires them? What conditions do they work and live under?
In this book they will tell their own stories, in their own words; their trials and tribulations in their efforts to contribute towards reaching the global goal of Literacy for All. It is understatement to say that their job is a challenge. Many work in difficult physical condition often life threatening; often unpaid. They are obliged to work in rice paddies or sell chickens to feed their families. Their only glory, as Ursula Weiseman put it, is the gleam in their learners ’ eyes.
They are invisible. We know hardly anything about them. Many are barely literate themselves. Yet their zest and zeal know no bounds. Their desire to help their fellows overcomes all obstacles.
In this volume we learn about make-shift classes to teach children to read and write in their own language as a way of restoring their dignity and helping them to cope better with school in a second language; and still others who learned the language of their learners in order to develop a written language which they could use and which restored to them a sense of “personhood” . We read a personal and moving account of a friend and how he struggled to help shape a literacy program which was transformed and empowered in the real sense of the word. We hear from those who work in policy formulation, from a researcher, feeding into policy-making work spanning a thirty-year career in peace and war and we catch a glimpse of how international civil servants strive to influence a large bureaucracy whilst keeping their feet on the ground. Not to mention a chilling account of literacy efforts in time of civil war.
All this, and more, is embraced in this volume.
Pertinent issues in literacy emerge: bilingual and mother tongue literacy research, policy changes, methods and approaches, guiding ideology, cultural identity. All are tightly interwoven to reflect the heterogeneous nature of literacy work. It is hoped that these different threads of experience will give us a chance to provide living proof that literacy today is as complex and complicated as the world it must serve.
三、汉英翻译
我们通常所说的 “没病 ”“身体挺好 ”这些概念还远不是真正的健康的标准 。 为了引起人们对健康标准的重视，近年来有些医学专家们针对 “没病就是健康 ” 的传统观念提出了 “亚健康 ”的概念。亚健康状态指的是一个人的身体机能虽然 没有明确的疾病表现，但是平时却缺乏活力，对外界的适应能力已有不同程度的 减退。这就是一种不完全健康的表现。亚健康人群在生理上常表现为易感冒、易 疲劳、易不适，这里所说的 “不适 ”包括消化不良、睡眠不佳以及心理方面的不 适，如自我控制能力下降、对外界事物反应过敏、内心平衡难以满足、情绪不稳 定容易波动等。
医学专家们预料，处于亚健康状态的人群 。如果不进行适当的治疗或调整， 他们中间将有 70%的人死于心脑血管疾病： 10%的人死于糖尿病代谢障碍； 10% 死于过劳及意外猝死；只有大约 10%的人有希望安享天年。这种悲观的估计特别
应当引起正处于亚健康状态的中老年朋友们的高度重视。千万不要对自己的身体 过于自信，如果发现自己正处于亚健康状态，就应及时看医生，或者调整自己的 工作和生活方式。
让我们将这份试题逐条拆解，找出真正的难点，回答“到底难在哪里”的问题，同时相应地给同学们一些操作性比较强的针对性训练方法或材料。
纵观整份卷子，无非是三个地方：词条翻译的百科+热词打法（这个其实各院校都差不多）； 英译汉中长难句的“抽象概念+感情色彩”双重压缩（这个在各个外国语大学的试题中已成趋势）；汉译英里医学术语与政策口号的高密度输出（后者还是比较普遍的，但前者属实是天外的特色）。
1. shero
难点：不是简单把she + hero拼起来然后直接写“她英雄”。中文里没有对等词，需要造词又必须自然。最佳译法“女英雄”或“巾帼英雄”。
2. flammable ice
难点：写成“易燃冰”虽字面正确，却不是行业通用名。请大家参照《新华社新闻词语手册》，“可燃冰”才算满分。
3. 共建共治共享
难点：政策口号。官方译文是 “jointly build, govern and share”。如果只翻成 “co-construction, co-governance and co-sharing” 语义对，但少了“地道感”；写成 “joint construction, governance and benefit-sharing”又多了词，扣分在“不简洁”。对于这些口号的官方译本，请大家密切关注中国日报社或中国翻译研究院（http://www.catl.org.cn/index.htm）定期或不定期推出的官方合辑。
短期策略：每天背 20 条《中国日报热词》或是《卢敏微博热词》
长期训练：好记性不如烂笔头，找个本本：热词、中间官方译法，并用不同颜色的笔标出易错点（冠词介词、单复数、语态时态、拼写细节等等）
例1
原文：It has become clear that Education for All cannot be possible without Literacy for All.
生硬译文：
显而易见，全民教育不可能在没有全民扫盲的情况下成为可能。
成为可能太口语化，并且翻译腔很重，另外逻辑也很绕
参考译文：
显然，没有全民扫盲就谈不上全民教育。（必要条件）
难点拆解：
抽象名词 Literacy for All的直译全民都具备读写能力实在是太繁琐了，这也不符合政策、运动或措施所需的简洁要求，直接整合成全民扫盲即可。在句式上，英文是双重否定，符合必要条件的论述逻辑，中文直接继承即可。关于这一点，还是要多看些逻辑学方面的书，明白充分条件、必要条件、充要条件等关系和对应的英文表达。
例2
原文：Their only glory, as Ursula Weiseman put it, is the gleam in their learners’ eyes.
生硬译文：
他们唯一的荣耀，正如乌苏拉魏斯曼所说，就是学习者眼中的光芒。
学习者的用词太书面化了，也不符合上下文的语境
参考译文：
用乌苏拉魏斯曼的话说，他们唯一的荣耀不过是学生顿悟时那眼里一闪而过的光。
难点拆解：
人名处理：英语可以插从句，中文要先“用……的话说”提前交代清楚；
所谓顿悟更符合中文意境。
对策：
每天200字的精翻：找《经济学人》Education专栏（句子越长越好），先试着自己译，再对照官方译文改，看看哪里比较啰嗦，再学习参考译文是如何整合逻辑并精简措辞的。
原文片段：
“亚健康状态指的是一个人的身体机能虽然没有明确的疾病表现，但是平时却缺乏活力……”
生硬译文：
Sub-healthy state refers to a person’s body functions having no clear signs of disease, but usually lacking vitality…
其实能写成这样已经不错了，现在分词的使用很娴熟，并且句子结构很严谨，但是！
a person’s body functions … having no clear signs 这逻辑主语太混乱
sub-healthy虽在部分文献出现，但WHO官方用sub-health或suboptimal health status比较多
参考译文：
Sub-health, as defined by medical experts, denotes a condition in which no clinical disease can be diagnosed, yet the individual suffers from persistent fatigue and reduced adaptability to the environment.
相关对策：
医学术语尽量还是以WHO和PubMed的关键词为准，这类材料在其官方网站上有非常多的资源，哪怕是每年WHO出的白皮书就足以帮助我们建立起非常庞大的词汇表了。
政策口号要注意语法结构，一般是用主谓宾+分词类短语/介词短语的格式，例如共建共治共享=a model of joint building, governance and benefit-sharing
一些补充：
对长难句比较惧怕的同学可以去跟《英语世界》的经典难句100例，每句做成分分析、逻辑梳理和措辞压缩的三步走训练；
觉得自己知识面很薄弱的同学，老师倒是有个小妙招：各种知识问答类赛事都有官方或非官方的题库（三星智力快车、开心词典、一站到底等等），网上一搜一大把，可以没事儿多看看（当然了，遇到知识盲区要去百度百科稍微了解一下再去花时间记忆，这样提高效率；此外，英文翻译最好也写在一旁的空白处）；
天外的题不算难，也有迹可循，踏实地去看词条、长难句和医学/政策文本，三个卡脖子的地方基本就能打通，祝各位备考顺利！
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