百科知识与汉语写作：

25题名词解释、应用文以及大作文篇。南开大学百科知识考察涉及中国人文历史、国外地理名称以及历史文化遗产等。

翻译硕士英语：

30题选择题、阅读理解4篇、作文。其中选择题重点考察词汇语法、词汇辨析、固定搭配，阅读理解全部是主观题，每篇阅读后有3个简答题，题量比较大。整体难度可以对标专八难度，但是题型常变备考时需注意。

英语翻译基础：

中译英（15个）/英译中（15个）词条翻译及篇章段落翻译。词条部分南开大学比较常考政经、科技、热词等词条。

百科知识与汉语写作：

刘军平汉语写作与百科知识、中国文化要略、中国历史常识、夏晓鸣应用文写作、高考满分作文。

翻译硕士英语：

外刊阅读经济学人等、专四词汇语法1000题、专八阅读180篇、顾家北雅思写作、专八作文。

英语翻译基础：

中国日报热词、中式英语之鉴、CATTI三笔官方教材、韩刚90天攻克三级笔译、庄绎传英汉翻译简明教程、张培基散文108篇。

南开大学英语MTI真题回忆

一、357英语翻译基础真题回忆

1.词条翻译

The Great Depression

2The language services industry

The Sino-British Joint Declaration

Basic Law of Macao Special Administrative Region

The Millennium Declaration

(UN) Security Council resolutions

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization

The ASEAN Regional Forum

Al-Qaeda

nuclear deterrent capacity

NGO

multilateral trading system

farm subsidy

debt relief

African Union

“一带一路”计划

石油输出国组织

信息与通信技术

人工智能

物联网

贸易壁垒

经济效率

中国梦

资产阶级

经济与政治一体化

综合国力

大规模杀伤性武器

资源配置

供给侧改革

人类命运共同体

2. 英译汉

The Revolt of Martin Luther

Martin Luther was born into a world dominated by the Roman Catholic Church, which holds spiritual dominion over all the nations of Europe. For the keenly spiritual Luther, the Church's promise of salvation is irresistible- caught in a thunderstorm, terrified by the possibility of imminent death, he vowed to become a monk. Martin Luther stands in history as one of those unique forces, an individual who by force of will and by his ideas changed the world fundamentally. There are several ironies incumbent on Luther's pivotal role in history: 1) he doesn't really represent a break with the past, but rather a flash point where ideas and trends which had been smoldering in Europe for several centuries suddenly blazed aflame; 2) Luther initially saw himself as a great reformer of the Catholic Church, a simple monk who thought the force of his ideas would single-handedly redirect the church; in the end, however, he divided Christianity into two separate churches and that second division,Protestantism(新教)， would divide over the next four centuries into a near infinity of separate churches; 3) finally, Luther saw himself as returning Christianity to its roots, and believed that he was setting the clock back. However, his ideas irreparably changed the world and pushed it kicking and screaming, not into some ideal past, but into the modern era.

Luther was not a person you would want to have dinner with- he was temperamental, peevish, egomaniacal, and argumentative. But this single-mindedness, this enormous self-confidence and strident belief in the rightness of his arguments, allowed him to stand against opposition, indeed, to harden his position in the face of death by fire, the usual punishment for heretics. Luther became an Augustinian monk in 1505, disappointing his equally strong-willed father, who wished him to become a lawyer. He earned a doctorate in theology from the University of Wittenberg, but instead of settling down to a placid and scholarly monkish life or an uneventful university career teaching theology, he began to develop his own personal theology.

3.汉译英

人们猜测花园源自它们的建造者的基本需求:对创造性表达的需要。毫无疑问，花园表明一种对创造、表达、时尚和美的需求，而这种自我表达是人的基本需求之一。然而，当看着无家可归的人绘制的花园图片时，人们会突然想到，尽管风格多样，但这些花园都显示了人类除了装饰和创造之外的基本诉求。

这些诉求中有一项是在动荡中创造宁静的诉求，借用艾略特的话说，就是“旋转世界中的静止点”。无论地方多么简陋，寻找一片静谧圣土是人类特有的需求。宁静是一种精神状态，只有在将个人与环境相联系的时候才能达到。

二、汉语百科真题回忆（2024年）

1. 名词解释

飞鸟集

封神演义

列子

伤寒杂病论

阿姆斯特丹

白马寺

国子监

加缪

李霁野

梁启超

门神

南北朝

齐白石

赛珍珠

什刹海

天一阁

卧龙凤雏

五台山

夏目漱石

徐悲鸿

悬空寺

2. 应用文：给天津旅游行业的倡议书，改善国庆假期旅游环境。

3. 大作文：科技改变世界，人文决定人类，自由命题，议论文。

三、翻硕英语真题回忆

1、选择题

I. I remember my grandfather___a cigar.

A. always smokes B. is always smoking

C. was always smoking D. had always smoked

2. He is___than his brother.

A. less a sportsman B. less sportsmanlike

C. less of sportsman D. less of sportsmanlike

3. They say he will come tonight.__, the meeting will be held tomorrow.

A. If so B. If not C. If ever D. If at all

4.__,sharks are equipped with an extraordinary sense of smell.

A. With streamlined swimmers and bloodhounds of the sea

B. Such as streamlined swimmers and bloodhounds of the sea

C. For streamlined swimmers and bloodhounds of the sea

D. Streamlined swimmers and bloodhounds of the sea

5. She has an adopted child__

A. who was an orphan she says B. who she says was an orphan

C. she says who was an orphan D. who she said was an orphan

6.__, Jim decided to go and see the play,

A. After his homework done B. His homework was done

C. His homework had been done D. His homework done

7. Jen burst out laughing __she walked in.

A. after B.as C. the instant D. insofar as

8. So great___that all records have been broken.

A. the success of the Exhibition has been B. has the success of the Exhibition been C. the Exhibition has been the success of D. has been the success of the Exhibition

9. It is difficult to sort out whether job satisfaction causes happiness or vice versa, but evidence

suggests that causation __both ways.

A. flow B. flows C. would flow D. flowed

10. The room is too cold without heating and too small for a family of four.____, it is better

than I expected.

A. Still B. Otherwise C. So D. But

11. “Has he got a girlfriend?” Jill asked, trying to sound nonchalant. The underlined part means

A. indifferent B. scornful C.curious D. disrespectful

12. He gave me advice on how to avoid the _of the legal process.

A. conflict B. steps C. cases D. pitfalls

13. We have relationships of many different sorts--with our children, our parents, our boss and our friends, to name _ _.

A. except a few B. as a few C.but a few D. such as a few

14. I've read practically all of his books. The underlined part means _

A. actually B. almost C. presumably D. precisely

15. If you had any____, you'd know what I meant.

A. brain B. a brain C. brains D. much brain

16. This behavior is__of her whole attitude, I'm afraid.

A. indicative B. positive C. revealing D. evident

17. Strange____it may seem, I like housework.

A. although B. since C. because D. though

18. The English weather defies forecast and hence is a source of interest and__to everyone.

A. attribution B. speculation C,utilization D. proposition

19. How many schools ____ themselves of this opportunity each year?

A. inform B. assure C. avail D. notify

20. A computer does not substitute for judgment__a pencil substitutes for literacy.

A. any more than B. no less than C. no more than D. much more than

21. The winners of the football championship ran off the field carrying the silver cup ____.

A. tremendously B. adopted C. turbulently D. triumphantly

22. A good friend is one who will _____you when you are in trouble.

A. stand up to B. stand by C. stand for D. stand well with

23. If you don't agree with me, you should___your own plan for improving the living

conditions of these people,

A. put through B. put down C. put forward D. put across

24. Some of my fondest memories are when I've put together a large group of friends and did nothing but__.

A. to hang out B. hanging out C. hang out D. hung out

A. vacant25. I cannot afford to leave the land lying___ B. empty C. hollow D. idle26.A man who is cruel to his children should be held in___.

A. contempt B. contention C. context D.content

27. She turned away from the window lest anyone_____them.

A. saw B. had seen C. would see D.see

28. That young man still denies___the fire behind the store,

A. start B. to start C. having started D. to have started

29. Dealing with children who are so damaged__ immense tact and sensitivity.

A. calls on B.calls for C. calls up D.calls off

30. It is our ____policy that we will achieve unity through peaceful means.

A. continuous B.considerate C.continual D, consistent

2.阅读理解

Passage One

How we spend our money is changing. In the new “experience economy”we pay to do things, not have things. Trevor Beattie, the advertising supremo, has earned millions by devising original and controversial publicity campaigns. His agency assembled the arresting FCUK logo for French Connection. However, he doesn't believe in amassing expensive emblems of success, instead lavishing his fortune on such ephemeral things as flights in a MiG jet, or flying his mum on Concorde. He says that buying a Porsche(保时捷汽车)is the saddest thing in the history of money.

Beattie is not alone in prizing memories above materialism. For a truly special birthday party, a Ferrari (法拉利汽车) in a ribbon will no longer cut it. What the super-rich really want is their own private Rolling Stones concert (cost £2 million) or a trip into space (£100,000, courtesy of Virgin Galactic). Even the rest of us don't particularly want stuff anymore; we'd rather enjoy a day at the races, a massage, and a ride in a hot-air balloon or a weekend cookery course run by a Michelin-starred chef. These are all symptomatic of the growing “experience economy", which has evolved out of a culture of mass affluence. With our basic needs satisfied-the disposable income of Britons is double what it was in 1980--we are becoming increasingly choosy about how we spend our money.

Rather than upgrading our car or television, we'll spend the cash in coffee shops, hotels, restaurants, sports clubs and theme parks. We'll splash out on European city breaks or walking the Inca trail. Experiences, in other words. The amount that British people spend on retail goods as a proportion of consumer spending has gone down in the past ten years. That money has migrated to restaurants, leisure and budget travel, as well as mobile phone calls.

Even that most acquisitive of pursuits, shopping, has had to wake up to the experience economy. Shopping malls such as Bluewater have acknowledged the arrival of the experience economy by restyling themselves as destinations for a family day out. You can browse, dine and take in a film; the shopping is optional. Companies such as Marks & Spencer recognize the trend, which is why they've started putting coffee shops and bookshops in their stores. The experience of shopping is just as important to us as what we end up taking home.

The “experience economy” was first predicted in a 1998 article in the Harvard Business Review by James Gilmore, an American business consultant who advocates, among other things, sleep deprivation as an idea booster. The idea was later expanded into The Experience Economy: Work is Theatre & Every Business a Stage. Written with B. Joseph Pine, the book posits that we are in the middle of a profound economic shift. Just as we moved from a goods to a service economy, now we are shifting from a service to an experience economy.

Accordingly, to stand out in the marketplace, companies need to offer not just goods and services but experiences. Companies are no longer mere suppliers but stagers of events designed to be experienced. The newest retail stores prove the point: the flagship ‘Toys“R”Us'shop in Times Square in New York is no “pile 'em high, sell 'em cheap”emporium. Visitors are immersed in the Toys “R”Us experience as soon as they encounter the Ferris wheel at the front door. Other attractions include two floors designed as a Barbie house, and an animatronic dinosaur. Shoppers are called guests.

The idea is to foster an emotional attachment between company and consumer, and hope that“guests” will want to acquire a memento that reminds them of the warm fuzzy feelings they had during the experience. The hippest companies of the moment--Starbucks, Apple and, on a smaller scale, the drinks company Innocent--are all admired within the business industry for their ability to connect emotionally with their consumers and for proving that people will pay a premium to buy into their world. An Innocent fruit smoothie, for example costs about £2, much more than a non-branded smoothie. Magazine reviews of the Apple iPod, which always criticize its battery life and exorbitant price tag, are inevitably forgiving because of the iPod’s iconic design and an enduring affection for the company's perceived ability to do things differently. Visitors to Apple's six British stores are encouraged to use an “online concierge” to help them to plan their trip, showing that progressive companies have bought in fully to the hospitality concept.

The conveyor belt of business publishing also attests to the increasing importance of the customer experience. Pine and Gilmore’s groundbreaking offering was followed by such tomes as Priceless: Turning Ordinary Products into Extraordinary Experiences (which became required reading at IBM, Estée Lauder and Pizza Hut) and Making Meaning: How successful Businesses Deliver Meaningful Customer Experiences. They all preach the same gospel: that, contrary to what companies thinks, not all consumers are focused on bagging the cheapest product. The buying experience is critical (which is why we have not all switched to internet shopping or no-frills airlines).

The most notable aspect of the experience economy is how much we are prepared to pay for a purely nonmaterial experience, such as a day in a spa or a trip to Prague. A collision of social trends is responsible. This era is unique in the coming together of various trends such as globalism, multiculturalism and a demographic shift in terms of longevity. There are more leisure activities around today than twenty years ago. We are aware of these other activities and cultures and we now have the money to experience them. Now that we are living longer, we have more time to try different things.

1. Trevor Beattie is least likely to_.

A. advocate the concept of “experience economy” B. think of a good way of advertising something C. fly in a military plane D. buy a nice, fast car

2. An “experience economy” has developed in Britain because____.

A. people like new ideas

B. more people like to travel abroad

C. most people have enough things

D. people have clear idea about their needs

3. Bluewater, a shopping mall,

A. opens coffee shops and book shops in its store

B. is unhappy with the idea of an “experience economy"

C. is changing the way it presents itself

D. has been slow to recognize changes in consumer behaviour

4. Retail stores paying more attention to “experiences” still aim to make sales through__

A. selling customers things that remind them of their experiences

B. cheap product and fancy decoration

C. better marketing techniques

D. calling customers "guests”

5. The passage tells us that_.

A. the total amount of money spent on buying things has gone down in the last ten years

B. companies believe there is a clear limit to how much people will pay for “experience"

C. Starbuck's has managed to develop an emotional attachment with its customers

D. internet shopping has given consumers the buying experience

Passage Two

In March,2016, AlphaGo, a computer program specially designed to play the game Go, caused shockwaves among frenetics when it defeated Lee Sidol (李世石), one of the world's top-ranked professional players, winning a five-game tournament by a score of 4-1.

Why, you may ask, is that news? Twenty years have passed since the IBM computer Deep Blue defeated world chess champion Garry Kasparov, and we all know computers have improved since then. But Deep Blue won through sheer computing power, using its ability to calculate the outcomes of more moves to a deeper level than even a world champion can. Go is played on a far larger board(19 by 19 squares, compared to 8x8 for chess) and has more possible moves than there are atoms in the universe, so raw computing power was unlikely to beat a human with a strong intuitive sense of the best moves.

Instead, AlphaGo was designed to win by playing a huge number of games against other programs and adopting the strategies that proved successful. You could say that AlphaGo evolved to be the best Go player in the world, achieving in only two years what natural selection took millions of years to accomplish.

Eric Schmidt, executive chairman of Google's parent company, the owner of AlphaGo, is enthusiastic about what artificial intelligence (AI) means for humanity. Speaking before the match between Lee and AlphaGo, he said that humanity would be the winner, whatever the outcome, because advances in AI will make every human being smarter, more capable, and “just better human beings".

Will it? Around the same time as AlphaGo's triumph, Microsoft's "chatbot"-software named Taylor that was designed to respond to messages from people aged 18-24-was having a chastening experience. “Tay” as she called herself, was supposed to be able to learn from the messages she received and gradually improve her ability to conduct engaging conversations. Unfortunately, within24 hours, people were teaching Tay racist and sexist ideas. When she starting saying positive things about Hitler,Microsoft turned her off and deleted her most offensive messages.

I do not know whether the people who turned Tay into a racist were themselves racists, or just thought it would be fun to undermine Microsoft's new toy. Either way, the juxtaposition of AlphaGo's victory and Taylor's defeat serves as a warning. It is one thing to unleash AI in the context of a game with specific rules and a clear goal; it is something very different to release Al into the real world, where the unpredictability of the environment may reveal a software error that has disastrous consequences. Nick Bostrom, the director of the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University, argues in his book Superintelligence that it will not always be as easy to turn off an intelligent machine as it was to turn off Tay. He defines superintelligence as an intellect that is"smarter than the best human brains in practically every field, including scientific creativity, general wisdom, and social skills." Such a system may be able to outsmart our attempts to turn it off.

Some doubt that superintelligence will ever be achieved. Bostrom, together with Vincent Muller, asked AI experts to indicate dates corresponding to when there is a one in two chance of machines achieving human-level intelligence and when there is a nine in ten chance. The median estimates for the one in two chance were in the 2040-2050 range, and 2075 for the nine in ten chance. Most experts expected that AI would achieve superintelligence within 30 years of achieving human-level intelligence.

We should not take these estimates too seriously. The overall response rate was only 31 percent, and researchers working in AI have an incentive to boost the importance of their field by trumpeting its potential to produce momentous results.

The prospect of Al achieving superintelligence may seem too distant to worry about, especially given more pressing problems. But there is a case to be made for starting to think about how we can design AI to take into account the interests of humans, and indeed of all sentient beings (including machines, if they are also conscious beings with interests of their own).

With driverless cars already on California roads, it is not too soon to ask whether we can program a machine to act ethically. As such cars improve, they will save lives, because they will make fewer mistakes than human drivers do. Sometimes, however, they will face a choice between lives. Should they be programmed to swerve to avoid hitting a child running across the road, even if that will put their passengers at risk? What about swerving to avoid a dog? What if the only risk is damage to the car itself, not to the passengers?

Perhaps there will be lessons to learn as such discussions about driverless cars get started. But driverless cars are not superintelligent beings. Teaching ethics to a machine that is more intelligent than we are, in a wide range of fields, is a far more daunting task.

6. Shockwaves among frenetics were caused by the fact that AlphaGo__.

A. nearly surpassed Deep Blue

B. was the second AI after Deep Blue

C. was an amazing computer program designed to play chess

D. routed a South Korean master of Go

7. AlphaGo defeated Lee Sido because of    .

A. its advanced design of artificial intelligence

B. its raw computing power

C. its strong intuitive sense of the best moves D. its huge storage of possible moves

8. Eric Schmidt's attitude towards the future of AI is_

A. vague B. pessimistic C.optimistic D.critical

9. Microsoft's “chatbot", Taylor, was chastened because___.

A. people who taught her were racists

B. she was an undermined Microsoft's new toy

C. she violated the game rules and brought disastrous consequences to the society

D. she learned from the messages she received and made offensive ones

10. The discussion about driverless cars in the passage indicates that__.

A. machines can make ethical choices

B. teaching ethics to a machine is easy

C. ethics play an important role in artificial intelligence

D. artificial intelligence can make a right and quick decision in face of danger

Section Two: Read and Answer Questions (20 points, 4 for each)

Directions: There are two passages in this part. Each passage is followed by two or three questions. You should write your answer to the questions on the Answer Sheet,

Passage One

Over the years, citizen scientists have provided vital data and contributed in invaluable ways to various scientific quests. But they're typically relegated to helping traditional scientists complete tasks the pros don't have the time or resources to deal with on their own. Citizens are asked to count wildlife, for instance, or classify photos that are of interest to the lead researchers.

This type of top-down engagement has consigned citizen science to the fringes, where it fills a manpower gap but not much more. As a result, its full value has not been realized. Marginalizing the citizen scientists and their potential contribution is a grave mistake-it limits how far we can go in science and the speed and scope of discovery.

Instead, by harnessing globalization's increased interconnectivity, citizen science should become an integral part of open innovation. Science agendas can be set by citizens, data can be open, and open-source software and hardware can be shared to assist in the scientific process. And as the model proves itself, it can be expanded even further, into non-science realms.

Citizen-powered science has been around for over 100 years, utilizing the collective brainpower of regular, everyday people to collect, observe, input, identify and cross-match data that contribute to and expand scientific discovery. And there have been some marked successes.

eBird allows scores of citizen scientists to record bird abundance via field observation; those data have contributed to over 90 peer-reviewed research articles. Did You Feel It? (a USGS Earthquake Hazards Program) crowdsources information from people around that world who have experienced an earthquake. Snapshot Serengeti uses volunteers to identify, classify and catalog photos taken daily in this African ecosystem.

FoldIt is an online game where players are tasked with using the tools provided to virtually fold protein structures. The goal is to help scientists figure out if these structures can be used in medical applications. A set of users determined the crystal structure of an enzyme involved in the monkey version of AIDS in just three weeks-a problem that had previously gone unsolved for 15 years.

Galaxy Zoo is perhaps the most well-known online citizen science project. It uploads images from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and allows users to assist with the morphological classification of galaxies. The citizen astronomers discovered an entirely new class of galaxy--"green pea" galaxies--that have gone on to be the subject of over 20 academic articles.

These are all notable successes, with citizens contributing to the projects set out by professional scientists. But there's so much more potential in the model. What does the next generation of citizen science look like?

The time is right for citizen science to join forces with open innovation. This is a concept that describes partnering with other people and sharing ideas to come up with something new. The assumption is that more can be achieved when boundaries are lowered and resources--including ideas, data, designs and software and hardware--are opened and made freely available.

Open innovation is collaborative, distributed, cumulative and it develops over time. Citizen science can be a critical element here because its professional-amateurs can become another significant source of data, standards and best practices that could further the work of scientific and lay communities.

Globalization has spurred on this trend through the ubiquity of internet and wireless connections, affordable devices to collect data (such as cameras, smartphones, smart sensors, wearable technologies), and the ability to easily connect with others. Increased access to people, information and ideas points the way to unlock new synergies, new relationships and new forms of collaboration that transcend boundaries. And individuals can focus their attention and spend their time on anything they want.

We are seeing this emerge in what has been termed the “solution economy"--where citizens find fixes to challenges that are traditionally managed by government.

Consider the issue of accessibility. Passage of the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act aimed to improve accessibility issues in the U.S. But more than two decades later, individuals with disabilities are still dealing with substantial mobility issues in public spaces--due to street conditions, cracked or nonexistent sidewalks, missing curb cuts, obstructions or only portions of a building being accessible. These all can create physical and emotional challenges for the disabled.

To help deal with this issue, several individual solution seekers have merged citizen science, open innovation and open sourcing to create mobile and web applications that provide information about navigating city streets. For instance, Jason DaSilva, a filmmaker with multiple sclerosis, developed AXS Map-----a free online and mobile app powered by Google Places API.It crowdsources information from people across the country about wheelchair accessibility in cities nationwide. Questions:

I. Can you list some major citizen science successes mentioned in the article? What is the

significance of these successes?

2. What are the typical features of open innovation? Why does the author say that the time is right

for open innovation to collaborate with citizen science?

3. How does the new form of collaboration between open innovation and citizen science work out the issue of accessibility in the US7

Passage Two

The high-pitched whirr of an electric car may not stir the soul like the bellow and growl of an internal combustion engine (ICE). But to compensate, electric motors give even the humblest cars explosive acceleration. Electric cars are similarly set for rapid forward thrust. Improving technology and tightening regulations on emissions from ICEs is about to propel electric vchicles (EVs) from a niche to the mainstream. After more than a century of reliance on fossil fuels, however, the route from petrol power to volts will be a tough one for carmakers to navigate.

The change of gear is recent. One car in a hundred sold today is powered by electricity. The proportion of EVs on the world's roads is still well below 1%. Most forecasters had reckoned that by2025 that would rise to around 4%. Those estimates are undergoing a big overhaul as carmakers announce huge expansions in their production of EVs. Morgan Stanley now says that by 2025 EV sales will hit 7m a year and make up 7% of vehicles on the road. Exane BNP Paribas,another bank, reckons that it could be more like 11%. But as carmakers plan for ever more buttery power, even these figures could quickly seem too low.

Ford's boss is bolder still. In January (2017) Mark Fields announced that the "era of the electric vehicle is dawning". Ford has promised 13 new electrified cars in the next five years. Others are making bigger commitments. Volkswagen, the world's biggest carmaker, said last year that it would begin a product blitz in 2020 and launch 30 new battery-powered models by 2025, when EVs will account for up to a quarter of its sales. Daimler, a German rival, also recently set an ambitious target of up to a fifth of sales by the same date.

The surge has two explanations: the rising cost of complying with emissions regulations and the falling cost of batteries. Pure EVs, which send no carbon dioxide directly into the atmosphere, and hybrids, which produce far less than conventional engines, are a way to meet Europe's emissions targets--albeit an expensive one.

Technology will have as much impact as politics. Vehicles that carmakers are forced to produce for the sake of the environment will become ones that buyers want for the sake of their wallets. EVs were once generally a second car for richer, environmentally minded drivers, prepared to pay a big premium for a vehicle with a battery that took an age to charge and had a limited range.

The falling cost of batteries will make the cost of owning and running an EV the same as that of a traditionally powered car in Europe by the early 2020s, even without the hefty government subsidies that many rich countries use to sweeten the deal. Better batteries should also conquer"range anxiety"-most pure EVs now run out of juice after around 100 miles (161km). If battery costs continue to turnble and performance improves at the current rate, the price of a car with a range of 300 miles could hit $30,000 by the early 2020s. Slicker technology will also mean charging in minutes, not hours.

But EVs are not yet a profitable business for carmakers precisely because of their batteries. Chevrolet's Bolt, on sale late last year, costs under $30,000 with subsidies and travels 238 miles between charges. But each sale will reportedly set General Motors back $9,000. Tesla's rival, the Model 3, is set to go on sale later this year; the firm has yet to make an annual profit. Even Renault-Nissan, the world's biggest EV manufacturer, loses money on electric models.

Research and development also costs a fortune. Daimler says it will spend £10bn by 2025 on just ten battery-powered models. Restructuring is also expensive. For a century carmakers have built factories, employed workers and developed a supply chain around the 1CE. In one scenario Morgan Stanley reckons that VW's entire car business could make a loss between 2025 and 2028 as it transforms itself.

Some carmakers are better placed than others for the transition. Profitable premium brands such as Daimler and BMW have the resources to invest and can be confident that their richer customers will be the first to switch to more expensive EVs. Mass-market carmakers have a trickier task. Despite falling costs, a cheap EV for the mass market is still a distance away. The likes of Flat Chrysler or PSA Group, which makes Peugeots and Citroens, have barely begun changing. But these carmakers, already operating with wafer~thin profit margins, must still invest heavily in anticipation of that moment.

EVs may eventually make more money than ICE cars as battery costs fall further. They are competitive in other ways too: EVs are simpler mechanically, and require less equipment and fewer workers to assemble them. But carmakers first face a transition that will hit cash flow and profits. Getting ready for an electric race will be painful, but missing it altogether would be disastrous. Questions:

1.Can you use some specific figures to show the prospect of the development and sales of EVs in the future? According to the passage, what are the possible reasons that make this happen?

2. What are the factors that prevent EVs from being a profitable business for carmakers?

IIL. Writing (30 points)

Directions: The everyday behavior which average Internet users tend to take for granted--posting comments, sharing memes-can result in direct harm. In some cases, it amplifies the worst instances of abuse. This happens not because people online are actively unethical, but rather because the tools of digital media often cover the ethical stakes of a given situation, making it difficult to know that it is necessary for people to give an ethical response.

Write an essay of about 400 words on the following topic, expressing your views. Give your reasons and use specific examples to support your idea. Marks will be awarded for organization as well as for syntactic varlety and appropriate word choice.

To Some Extent, We Are All Internet Bullies

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